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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Heterocapsa</i></h1>
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<table cellpadding="2" class="float-right taxobox infobox" id="Vorlage_Taxobox" style="width:300px;margin-top:0.5em;" summary="Taxobox">
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<th><i>Heterocapsa</i>
</th></tr>


<tr>
<td class="taxo-bild" style="font-size:smaller;">
<p><a href="Rasterelektronenmikroskop" title="Rasterelektronenmikroskop">REM</a>-Aufnahme zweier Zellen von <i>H. rotunda</i> vom <a href="Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a> (Schwedische Küste)<br>mit sehr dünnen Platten. Pfeile: Schuppen.<br><small>Mats Kuylenstierna</small><sup id="cite_ref-Nordicμ_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordicμ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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<tr>
<th><a href="Systematik_(Biologie)" title="Systematik (Biologie)">Systematik</a>
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<td>
<table class="toptextcells" style="width:100%;">
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<td><i>ohne&nbsp;Rang:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="Alveolata" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a>
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<td><i>ohne&nbsp;Rang:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="Dinoflagellaten" title="Dinoflagellaten">Dinoflagellaten</a> (Dinoflagellata)
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<td><i><a href="Klasse_(Biologie)" title="Klasse (Biologie)">Klasse</a>:</i>
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<td><a href="Dinophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinophyceae">Dinophyceae</a>
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<td><i><a href="Ordnung_(Biologie)" title="Ordnung (Biologie)">Ordnung</a>:</i>
</td>
<td>Peridiniales
</td></tr>
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<td><i><a href="Familie_(Biologie)" title="Familie (Biologie)">Familie</a>:</i>
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<td>Heterocapsaceae
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td><i><a href="Gattung_(Biologie)" title="Gattung (Biologie)">Gattung</a>:</i>
</td>
<td><i>Heterocapsa</i>
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<tr>
<th><a href="Nomenklatur_(Biologie)" title="Nomenklatur (Biologie)">Wissenschaftlicher Name</a>
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<td class="taxo-name"><i>Heterocapsa</i>
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<td class="Person"><a href="Friedrich_von_Stein_(Zoologe)" title="Friedrich von Stein (Zoologe)">Stein</a>, 1883
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<p><i><b>Heterocapsa</b></i> ist eine <a href="Gattung_(Biologie)" title="Gattung (Biologie)">Gattung</a> von <a href="Dinoflagellaten" title="Dinoflagellaten">Dinoflagellaten</a> in der <a href="Familie_(Biologie)" title="Familie (Biologie)">Familie</a> Heterocapsaceae<sup id="cite_ref-GBIF_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBIF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (früher zu Pteridinidae).<sup id="cite_ref-Stein1883_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein1883-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Die Erstbeschreibung der Gattung stammt von <a href="Friedrich_von_Stein_(Zoologe)" title="Friedrich von Stein (Zoologe)">F. Stein</a> aus dem Jahr 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein1883_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein1883-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><i>Heterocapsa</i> ist Bestandteil des Meeres<a href="Plankton" title="Plankton">planktons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AlgaeBase_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgaeBase-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Die Gattung ist <a href="Kosmopolit_(Biologie)" title="Kosmopolit (Biologie)">kosmopolitisch</a> (weltweit verbreitet), haupt­säch­lich in <a href="K%C3%BCstengew%C3%A4sser" title="Küstengewässer">Küsten­gewäs­sern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GBIF_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBIF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AlgaeBase_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgaeBase-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beschreibung">Beschreibung</h2></div>
<p>Die Dinoflagellaten der Gattung <i>Heterocapsa</i> sind mit 20–40&nbsp;<a href="Meter#Mikrometer" title="Meter">µm</a> vergleichsweise mittelgroß.
Die <a href="Einzeller" title="Einzeller">Einzeller</a> sind biflagellat (doppelt <a href="Flagellum" title="Flagellum">begeißelt</a>) und <a href="Theca_(Einzeller)" title="Theca (Einzeller)">thecat</a> (d.&nbsp;h. sie haben eine feste Hülle). Ihre Form ist unregelmäßig spindelförmig oder eiförmig mit einem mittelgroßen und runden <a href="Dinoflagellaten#Cingulum" title="Dinoflagellaten">Cingulum</a> (Querfurche, auch „Gürtel“ genannt); der <a href="Dinoflagellaten#Sulcus" title="Dinoflagellaten">Sulcus</a> (Längsfurche) ist auf das <a href="Dinoflagellaten#Hypocon" title="Dinoflagellaten">Hypokon</a> beschränkt.
Das genaue Muster der Thecaplatten ist schwer zu bestimmen und umstritten.
Die von Balech (1988) veröffentlichte Formel lautet: Po, 4’, 2<sup>a</sup>, 7”, 6C, 5‴, 2⁗ und 4S.<sup id="cite_ref-Balech1988_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balech1988-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine neuere Analyse bei <i>H. minima</i> findet sich bei Lee <i>et&nbsp;al</i>. (2019).<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2019_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Wie bei der Gattung <i>Cachonina</i> (in der Schwesterfamilie Peridiniaceae)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> befinden sich die Körperschuppen in einer einzigen Schicht auf der Zelloberfläche außerhalb der Thecalplatten.
Die Individuen besitzen außer einem eiförmigen <a href="Zellkern" title="Zellkern">Zellkern</a> ggf. zahlreiche <a href="Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">Chloroplasten</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AlgaeBase_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgaeBase-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder auch nur einen einzigen.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2019_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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</style><div class="thumb tleft vl-mehrere-bilder" style="width:605px;"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="vl-mehrere-bilder-horizontal" style="width:264px;"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>Linkes Bild</b>: <a href="Rasterelektronenmikroskop" title="Rasterelektronenmikroskop">REM</a>-Aufnahmen von vege­tativen Zellen von <i>H. minima</i> HMMJ1604:<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2019_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><b>(A)</b> <a href="Ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">Ventrale</a> Ansicht mit <a href="Dinoflagellaten#Epitheka" title="Dinoflagellaten">Epitheka</a>, <a href="Dinoflagellaten#Cingulum" title="Dinoflagellaten">Cingulum</a> (c), <a href="Dinoflagellaten#Sulcus" title="Dinoflagellaten">Sulcus</a> (as, las, rs, lps und ps) und <a href="Dinoflagellaten#Hypotheka" title="Dinoflagellaten">Hypo­theka</a>.<br><b>(B)</b> Ventral-linke Seitenansicht mit Epitheka, Cingulum (c), Sulcus (as, las, lps und ps) und Hypotheka.<br><b>(C)</b> <a href="Anatomische_Lage-_und_Richtungsbezeichnungen#Anatomische_Hauptrichtungen" title="Anatomische Lage- und Richtungsbezeichnungen">Dorsale</a> Ansicht mit Epitheka, Cingulum (c) und Hypo­theka.<br><b>(D)</b> Ventral-rechtsseitige Ansicht mit Epitheka, Cingulum (c), Sulcus (as, rs, lps und ps) und Hypo­theka.<br><b>(E)</b> Vergrößerung von (A) mit Sulcus (as, las, rs, lps und ps)<br><b>(F)</b> <a href="Anatomische_Lage-_und_Richtungsbezeichnungen#Weitere_allgemeine_Lage-_und_Richtungsbezeichnungen" title="Anatomische Lage- und Richtungsbezeichnungen">Apikaler</a> Porenkomplex (Po, cp,&nbsp;?, x) und in der Po-Platte angeordnete Thecalporen.</div></div><div class="vl-mehrere-bilder-horizontal" style="width:327px;"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>(G)</b> Apikale Ansicht mit dem apikalen Poren­komplex (Po, cp,&nbsp;?, x), Epitheka und Sulcus (as).<br><b>(H)</b> <a href="Anatomische_Lage-_und_Richtungsbezeichnungen#Weitere_allgemeine_Lage-_und_Richtungsbezeichnungen" title="Anatomische Lage- und Richtungsbezeichnungen">Antapikale</a> Ansicht mit Hypotheka und Sul­cus (ps). as, anteriorer Sul­cus; las, linker anteriorer Sul­cus; rs, rechter Sul­cus; lps, linker posteriorer Sul­cus; ps, posteriorer Sul­cus; Po, apikale Poren­platte; cp, Deck­platte; x, Kanal­plat­te;&nbsp;?, die zu­sätz­liche Struk­tur, die als Schar­nier/Ver­bin­dung dient.<br><br><b>Rechtes Bild</b>: Zeichnung einiger Ansichten von links:<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2019_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><b>(A)</b> wie (A) links,<br><b>(B)</b> wie (C) links,<br><b>(C)</b> wie (G) links,<br><b>(D)</b> wie (H) links,<br><br><b>––––––––</b><br>Balken jeweils 1&nbsp;<a href="Meter#Mikrometer" title="Meter">μm</a>.</div></div><div style="clear:both;"></div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vermehrung">Vermehrung</h2></div>
<p>Die Zellteilung findet im Geißelstadium statt, wobei sich die Tochterzellen die Theca der Mutterzelle teilen; <a href="Geschlechtliche_Fortpflanzung" title="Geschlechtliche Fortpflanzung">geschlechtliche Fortpflanzung</a> wurde nicht beobachtet.<sup id="cite_ref-AlgaeBase_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgaeBase-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arten">Arten</h2></div>




<p>Die Systematik der Gattung <i>Heterocapsa</i> ist wie folgt:<sup id="cite_ref-AlgaeBase_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgaeBase-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GBIF_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBIF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nordicμ_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordicμ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WoRMS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoRMS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Familie Heterocapsaceae <small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261921330">
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.mw-parser-output .Person{font-variant:small-caps}


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</style><span class="Person h-card">R.A. Fensome, F.J.R. Taylor, G. Norris, W.A.S. Sarjeant, D.I. Wharton &amp; G.L. Williams</span></small>
</p>
<ul><li>Gattung <b><i>Heterocapsa</i> <small><span class="Person h-card"><a href="Friedrich_von_Stein_(Zoologe)" title="Friedrich von Stein (Zoologe)">Stein</a></span>, 1883</small></b> (gleich mit <i>Heterocapsa</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">J. Massart</span>, 1920</small>); Spezies:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li><i>H. arctica</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">T. Horiguchi</span>, 1997</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">AGNWµ</a>)</sup></li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li>Subspezies <i>H. arctica</i> subsp. <i>frigida</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Rintala &amp; G. Hällfors</span>, 2010</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">NWµ</a>)</sup></li></ul></dd></dl>
<ul><li><i>H. bohaiensis</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">J. Xiao &amp; Y. Li</span>, 2018</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">AW</a>)</sup></li>
<li><i>H. busanensis</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">H. Choi &amp; S. Kim</span></small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">NA</a>)</sup></li>
<li><i>H. chattonii</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">(Biecheler) P.&nbsp;H. Campbell</span>, 1973</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">AW</a>)</sup></li>
<li><i>H. circularisquama</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Horiguchi</span>, 1995</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">ANW</a>)</sup></li>
<li><i>H. claromecoensis</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Sunesen, Rodríguez, Tillmann &amp; Sar</span></small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">AN</a>)</sup></li>
<li><i>H. horiguchii</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Iwataki, Takayama &amp; Matsuoka</span>, 2002</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">AW</a>)</sup></li>
<li><i>H. huensis</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">M. Iwataki &amp; Matsuoka</span></small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">AN</a>)</sup></li>
<li><i>H. illdefina</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">(Herman &amp; Sweeney) L.&nbsp;C. Morrill &amp; Loeblich III</span>, 1981</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">ANW</a>)</sup></li>
<li><i>H. kollmeriana</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">M.&nbsp;J. Swift &amp; McLaughlin</span>, 1970</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">AW</a>)</sup></li>
<li><i>H. lanceolata</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Iwataki &amp; Fukuyo</span>, 2002</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">ANW</a>)</sup></li>
<li><i>H. minima</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Pomroy</span>, 1989</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">ANGWµ</a>)</sup></li>
<li><i>H. niei</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">(A.&nbsp;R. Loeblich III) L.&nbsp;C. Morrill &amp; Loeblich III</span>, 1981</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">AGNWµ</a>)</sup></li>
<li><i>H. orientalis</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Iwataki, Botes &amp; Fukuyo</span>, 2003</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">ANW</a>)</sup></li>
<li><i>H. ovata</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Iwataki &amp; Fukuyo</span>, 2003</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">AW</a>)</sup></li>
<li><i>H. pacifica</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Kofoid</span>, 1907</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">AW</a>)</sup></li>
<li><i>H. psammophila</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">M. Tamura, M. Iwataki &amp; M. Horiguchi</span>, 2006</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">ANW</a>)</sup></li>
<li><i>H. pseudotriquetra</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Iwataki, G. Hansen &amp; Fukuyo</span>, 2002</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">ANW</a>)</sup></li>
<li><i>H. pygmaea</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">A.&nbsp;R. Loebl.</span> <i>et&nbsp;al.</i>, 1981</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">ANGW</a>)</sup></li>
<li><i>H. rotundata</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">(Lohmann) Hansen</span>, 1995</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">AGNWµ</a>)</sup></li>
<li><b><i>H. steinii</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Tillmann, Gottschling, Hoppenrath, Kusber &amp; Elbrächter</span>, 2017</small></b><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">ANW</a>)</sup> – Typus (neu)<sup id="cite_ref-Gottschling2019_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottschling2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>H. umbilicata</i> <small><span class="Person h-card"><a href="Friedrich_von_Stein_(Zoologe)" title="Friedrich von Stein (Zoologe)">Stein</a></span>, 1883</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">AW</a>)</sup></li></ul></dd></dl>
<ul><li>weitere Kandidaten für <i>Heterocapsa</i> siehe <a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>Verschiebungen:
</p>
<ul><li><i>H. quadridentata</i> <small><span class="Person h-card"><a href="Friedrich_von_Stein_(Zoologe)" title="Friedrich von Stein (Zoologe)">F. Stein</a></span>, 1883</small>; zu <i>Peridinium quadridentatum</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">(F. Stein) Gert Hansen</span>, 1995</small></li>
<li><i>H. triquetra</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">(<a href="Christian_Gottfried_Ehrenberg" title="Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg">Ehrenberg</a>) <a href="Friedrich_von_Stein_(Zoologe)" title="Friedrich von Stein (Zoologe)">F. Stein</a></span>, 1883</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">GNµ</a>)</sup> (früher <i>Glenodinium triquetrum</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Ehrenberg</span></small>, <i>Peridinium triquetra</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">(Ehrenb.) Lebour</span></small>) – Typus (alt); zu <i>Kryptoperidinium triquetrum</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">(Ehrenberg) U.Tillmann, M. Gottschling, M.Elbrächter, W.-H.Kusber &amp; M.Hoppenrath</span>, 2019</small><sup>(<a href="#TaxFN">AW</a>)</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gottschling2019_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottschling2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p><span id="TaxFN"></span>Anmerkungen:
</p>
<div style="font-size:90%;">
<dl><dd>(A): <a href="AlgaeBase" title="AlgaeBase">AlgaeBase</a><sup id="cite_ref-AlgaeBase_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgaeBase-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>
<dd>(G): <a href="Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>, <span lang="en">Global Biodiversity Information Facility</span><sup id="cite_ref-GBIF_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBIF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>
<dd>(N): <a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>, <span lang="en">National Center for Biotechnology Information</span>, USA<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>
<dd>(W): <a href="WoRMS" class="mw-redirect" title="WoRMS">WoRMS</a>, <span lang="en">World Register of Marine Species</span><sup id="cite_ref-WoRMS_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoRMS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>
<dd>(µ): Nordic Microalgae (<a href="SMHI" class="mw-redirect" title="SMHI">SMHI</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Nordicμ_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordicμ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algenblüten"><span id="Algenbl.C3.BCten"></span>Algenblüten</h2></div>
<p><i>H. triquetra</i> (jetzt <i>Kryptoperidinium triquetrum</i>) kann dichte <a href="Algenbl%C3%BCte" title="Algenblüte">Algenblüten</a> mit mehreren Millionen Zellen pro Liter bilden, die in Küstengewässern zu Verfärbungen führen.
Eventuelle Fischsterben im Zusammenhang mit <i>Heterocapsa</i>-Blüten werden eher auf Sauerstoffmangel durch Zersetzung abgestorbener Dinoflagellaten als auf <a href="Algentoxine" title="Algentoxine">Algentoxine</a> zurückgeführt.<sup id="cite_ref-AlgaeBase_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgaeBase-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viren">Viren</h2></div>

<p><i>H. circularisquama</i> wird parasitiert von der <a href="Viren" title="Viren">Virus</a>spezies
<i>Heterocapsa circularisquama DNA virus 01</i> (HcDNAV),<sup id="cite_ref-Sadeghi2021_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadeghi2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> einzige Art in der Gattung <i><a href="Dinodnavirus" title="Dinodnavirus">Dinodnavirus</a></i>
Spezies und Gattung dieser Doppelstrang-DNA-Viren sind zwar vom <span lang="en"><a href="International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</a> (ICTV)</span> bestätigt, aber bisher (Stand Juli 2021) keinen höheren Taxa zugewiesen.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die Virusspezies wurde ursprünglich in der Familie <i><a href="Phycodnaviridae" title="Phycodnaviridae">Phycodnaviridae</a></i> (Ordnung <i><a href="Algavirales" class="mw-redirect" title="Algavirales">Algavirales</a></i>) von <a href="Riesenviren" class="mw-redirect" title="Riesenviren">Riesenviren</a> der Klasse <i><a href="Megaviricetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaviricetes">Megaviricetes</a></i> (Phylum <i><a href="Nucleocytoviricota" title="Nucleocytoviricota">Nucleocytoviricota</a></i>/NCLDV) vermutet.
Untersuchungen des <a href="Genom" title="Genom">Genoms</a> der Dinodnaviren haben aber gezeigt, dass die Gattung eher zur Familie
<i><a href="Asfarviridae" title="Asfarviridae">Asfarviridae</a></i> (heute in der Ordnung <i><a href="Asfuvirales" class="mw-redirect" title="Asfuvirales">Asfuvirales</a></i>, Klasse <i><a href="Pokkesviricetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokkesviricetes">Pokkesviricetes</a></i>) der NCLDV-Riesenviren
gehört,<sup id="cite_ref-Ogata2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogata2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ähnlich wie die vorgeschlagenen <a href="Taxon" title="Taxon">Taxa</a> „<i><a href="Faustovirus" title="Faustovirus">Faustovirus</a></i>“, „<i><a href="Pacmanvirus" title="Pacmanvirus">Pacmanvirus</a></i>“ und „<i><a href="Kaumoebavirus" title="Kaumoebavirus">Kaumoebavirus</a></i>“. Näheres siehe <a href="Faustovirus#Äußere_Systematik" title="Faustovirus">„<i>Faustovirus</i>“ §Äußere Systematik</a>.
</p><p>Ein weiteres Virus dieser Algenspezies ist <i>Heterocapsa circularisquama RNA virus 01</i> (HcRNAV01). Dies ist ein Einzelstrang-RNA-Virus positiver <a href="Polarit%C3%A4t_(Virologie)" title="Polarität (Virologie)">Polarität</a> (Gattung <i>Dinornavirus</i>) in der Ordnung <i>Sobelivirales</i> der <i>Orthornavirae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sadeghi2021_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadeghi2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Nordicμ-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nordicμ_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nordicμ_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nordicμ_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nordicμ_1-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nordicμ_1-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nordicμ_1-5">f</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Nordic Microalgae: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nordicmicroalgae.org/taxon/Heterocapsa"><i>Heterocapsa</i> Stein</a>, auf: Nordic Microalgae <i>and aquatic protozoa</i>, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (<a href="SMHI" class="mw-redirect" title="SMHI">SMHI</a>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GBIF-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GBIF_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GBIF_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GBIF_2-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GBIF_2-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8022260"><i>Heterocapsa Stein, 1883.</i></a> In: <i>www.gbif.org.</i><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 25.&nbsp;April 2021</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AHeterocapsa&amp;rft.title=Heterocapsa+Stein%2C+1883&amp;rft.description=Heterocapsa+Stein%2C+1883&amp;rft.identifier=&amp;rft.date=&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span><br>Fotos von <i>H. triquetra</i>, jetzt <i>Kryptoperidinium triquetrum</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Stein1883-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stein1883_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stein1883_3-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedrich Ritter von Stein: <cite style="font-style:italic">Die Naturgeschichte der arthrodelen Flagellaten</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Der Organismus der Infusionsthiere</cite>. III. Abteilung: der arthrodelen Flagellaten oder Geisselinfusorien, II. Hälfte. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1859, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1–30</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">insbesondere S. 13</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/derorganismusder32stei/page/13/mode/1up">Textarchiv&nbsp;– Internet Archive</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Heterocapsa&amp;rft.atitle=Die+Naturgeschichte+der+arthrodelen+Flagellaten&amp;rft.au=Friedrich+Ritter+von+Stein&amp;rft.date=1859&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=II.+H%C3%A4lfte&amp;rft.jtitle=Der+Organismus+der+Infusionsthiere&amp;rft.pages=1-30&amp;rft.place=Leipzig&amp;rft.pub=Wilhelm+Engelmann&amp;rft.volume=III.+Abteilung%3A+der+arthrodelen+Flagellaten+oder+Geisselinfusorien" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AlgaeBase-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AlgaeBase_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AlgaeBase_4-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AlgaeBase_4-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AlgaeBase_4-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AlgaeBase_4-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AlgaeBase_4-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AlgaeBase_4-6">g</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="AlgaeBase" title="AlgaeBase">AlgaeBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=43347"><i>Heterocapsa</i> F.Stein, 1883</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Balech1988-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Balech1988_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Enrique Balech: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repositorio.ieo.es/e-ieo/handle/10508/993">Los dinoflagelados del Atlántico sudoccidental</a>, Publicationes Especiales, Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Ministerio de Agricultura Pesca y Alimentation, Madrid, Nr.&nbsp;1, 1988,
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repositorio.ieo.es/e-ieo/bitstream/10508/993/1/BALECH.pdf">PDF</a> (<a href="Spanische_Sprache" title="Spanische Sprache">spanisch</a>). Hier: S.&nbsp;158</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lee2019-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lee2019_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lee2019_6-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lee2019_6-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lee2019_6-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lee2019_6-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Sung Yeon Lee, Hae Jin Jeong, Ji Eun Kwon, Ji Hyun You, So Jin Kim, Jin Hee Ok, Hee Chang Kang, Jae Yeon Park: <cite style="font-style:italic">First report of the photosynthetic dinoflagellate Heterocapsa minima in the Pacific Ocean: morphological and genetic characterizations and the nationwide distribution in Korea</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Algae</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>34</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1</span>, 2019, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221226-2617%22&amp;key=cql">1226-2617</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>7–21</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2019.34.2.28">10.4490/algae.2019.34.2.28</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Heterocapsa&amp;rft.atitle=First+report+of+the+photosynthetic+dinoflagellate+Heterocapsa+minima+in+the+Pacific+Ocean%3A+morphological+and+genetic+characterizations+and+the+nationwide+distribution+in+Korea&amp;rft.au=Sung+Yeon+Lee%2C+Hae+Jin+Jeong%2C+Ji+Eun+Kwon%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.doi=10.4490%2Falgae.2019.34.2.28&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issn=1226-2617&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Algae&amp;rft.pages=7-21&amp;rft.volume=34" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="AlgaeBase" title="AlgaeBase">AlgaeBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=44619"><i>Cachonina</i> A.R.Loeblich III, 1968</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NCBI-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_8-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_8-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=2918&amp;lvl=3&amp;srchmode=3"><i>Heterocapsa</i> Stein, 1883</a> (genus); graphisch: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lifemap-ncbi.univ-lyon1.fr/?tid=2918">Heterocapsa</a>, auf: Lifemap, NCBI Version.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WoRMS-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WoRMS_9-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WoRMS_9-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="WoRMS" class="mw-redirect" title="WoRMS">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=109540"><i>Heterocapsa</i> Stein, 1883</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gottschling2019-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gottschling2019_10-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gottschling2019_10-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Marc Gottschling, Urban Tillmann, Malte Elbrächter, Wolf-Henning Kusber, Mona Hopenrath: <cite style="font-style:italic">Glenodinium triquetrum Ehrenb. is a species not of Heterocapsa F.Stein but of Kryptoperidinium Er.Lindem. (Kryptoperidiniaceae, Peridiniales)</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytotaxa</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>391</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>2</span>, 1.&nbsp;Februar 2019, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221179-3163%22&amp;key=cql">1179-3163</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>155–158</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.391.2.11">10.11646/phytotaxa.391.2.11</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Heterocapsa&amp;rft.atitle=Glenodinium+triquetrum+Ehrenb.+is+a+species+not+of+Heterocapsa+F.Stein+but+of+Kryptoperidinium+Er.Lindem.+%28Kryptoperidiniaceae%2C+Peridiniales%29&amp;rft.au=Marc+Gottschling%2C+Urban+Tillmann%2C+Malte+Elbr%C3%A4chter%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2019-02-01&amp;rft.doi=10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.391.2.11&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issn=1179-3163&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Phytotaxa&amp;rft.pages=155-158&amp;rft.volume=391" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">NCBI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&amp;id=2622277&amp;lvl=3&amp;srchmode=3">unclassified Heterocapsa</a> (list)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sadeghi2021-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sadeghi2021_12-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sadeghi2021_12-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohammadreza Sadeghi, Yuji Tomaru, Tero Ahola: <cite style="font-style:italic">RNA Viruses in Aquatic Unicellular Eukaryotes</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Viruses</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>13</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>3</span>, 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>362</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030362">10.3390/v13030362</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33668994?dopt=Abstract">PMID 33668994</a> (Special Issue Viruses of Microbes 2020: The Latest Conquests on Viruses of Microbes).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Heterocapsa&amp;rft.atitle=RNA+Viruses+in+Aquatic+Unicellular+Eukaryotes&amp;rft.au=Mohammadreza+Sadeghi%2C+Yuji+Tomaru%2C+Tero+Ahola&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.doi=10.3390%2Fv13030362&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Viruses&amp;rft.pages=362&amp;rft.pmid=33668994&amp;rft.volume=13" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ICTV: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/p/taxonomy-history?taxnode_id=202005350">ICTV Taxonomy history: <i>Heterocapsa circularisquama DNA virus 01</i></a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ogata2009-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ogata2009_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiroyuki Ogata, Kensuke Toyoda, Yuji Tomaru, Natsuko Nakayama, Yoko Shirai, Jean-Michel Claverie, Keizo Nagasaki: <cite style="font-style:italic">Remarkable sequence similarity between the dinoflagellate-infecting marine girus and the terrestrial pathogen African swine fever virus</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Virology Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>6</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1</span>, 2009, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221743-422X%22&amp;key=cql">1743-422X</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>178</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-6-178">10.1186/1743-422X-6-178</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19860921?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19860921</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Heterocapsa&amp;rft.atitle=Remarkable+sequence+similarity+between+the+dinoflagellate-infecting+marine+girus+and+the+terrestrial+pathogen+African+swine+fever+virus&amp;rft.au=Hiroyuki+Ogata%2C+Kensuke+Toyoda%2C+Yuji+Tomaru%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.doi=10.1186%2F1743-422X-6-178&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issn=1743-422X&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Virology+Journal&amp;rft.pages=178&amp;rft.pmid=19860921&amp;rft.volume=6" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ICTV: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/p/taxonomy-history?taxnode_id=202002473">ICTV Taxonomy history: Heterocapsa circularisquama RNA virus 01</a></span>
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